Relating F4 and F5 Tornadoes in the United States with Solar Electromagnetic and Geomagnetic Data

DOCUMENTATION


  1. Love, Jeffrey J. “The Electric Storm of 1882.” Geomag.USGS.gov, USGS.gov, https://geomag.usgs.gov/research/featured/2018/elecstorm-1882/.
  2. “Solar Storm of 1859.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 9 April 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859.
  3. Homeier, Nicole and Wei, Lisa. “Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid.” Lloyds.com, Lloyd’s, 2013,
    http://www.lloyds.com/~/media/lloyds/reports/emerging%20risk%20reports/solar%20storm%20risk%20to%20the%20north%20american%20electric%20grid.pdf.
  4. “March 1989 Geomagnetic Storm.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 21 March 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1989_geomagnetic_storm.
  5. Patel, Kasha. “August Auroras Light Up North American Skies.” EarthObservatory.nasa.gov, EOS Project Science Office, 30 August 2018, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92682/august-auroras-light-up-north-american-skies.
  6. “Bastille Day Event.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 11 March 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day_event.
  7. Zell, Holly. “Halloween Storms of 2003 Still the Scariest.” Nasa.gov, 27 October 2008, https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/halloween_storms.html.
  8. Phillips, Tony. “Carrington-class CME Narrowly Misses Earth.” Nasa.gov, 2 May 2014, https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/02may_superstorm.
  9. Balan, N., Tulasiram, S., Kamide, Y., Batista, I.S., Souza, J. R., Shiokawa, K., Rajesh, P. K. and Victor, N. J. “Automatic Selection of Dst Storms and Their Seasonal Variations in Two Versions of Dst in 50 years.” Earth, Planets and Space, SpringerOpen, 2017, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8611/782eb3a32f3da1a6c1ae75243234ec08599f.pdf.
  10. Witze, Alexandra. “Earth’s Magnetic Field Is Acting Up and Geologists Don’t Know Why.” Nature, Springer Nature Publishing AG, 9 January 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00007-1?utm_source=fbk_nnc&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=naturenews&sf205677010=1&fbclid=IwAR1p2QYVhdvch5W3DYQAY08Mxp
    8y6N8wMMet4YxZw9CyU9X2J5MTI1tAbuY
    .
  11. Geggel, Laura. “Earth’s Magnetic Pole Is Wandering, Lurching Toward Siberia.” Live Science, Live Science, 14 January 2019, https://www.livescience.com/64486-earth-magnetic-pole-moving.html.
  12. “List of North American Tornadoes and Tornado Outbreaks.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 24 April 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks.
  13. “Disturbance Storm-time (DST) Index.” National Geomagnetism Program, USGS, https://geomag.usgs.gov/plots/dst.php.
  14. “USGS Geomagnetism Program: Definitive Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst) Data.” ScienceBase-Catalog, USGS, 7 February 2019,
    https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b34de04e4b040769c173f56.
  15. “Real-time Internal (Ist) and External (Est) Storm Time Indices.” Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado – Boulder,
    https://geomag.colorado.edu/rt-ist-est-storm-indices.
  16. Love, J. J. and Gannon, J. L. “Revised Dst and the Epicycles of Magnetic Disturbance: 1958-2007.” Annales Geophysicae, Love and Gannon, 11 August 2009,
    https://www.ann-geophys.net/27/3101/2009/angeo-27-3101-2009.pdf.
  17. “USGS Geomagnetism Program: Definitive Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst) Data.” Sciencebase-Catalog, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey, 7 February 2019, https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b34de04e4b040769c173f56.
  18. “Disturbance Storm Time (DST) Index.” National Geomagnetism Program, USGS, https://geomag.usgs.gov/plots/dst.php.
  19. “Tornado Outbreak of February 28 – March 1, 2017.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 30 March 2019,
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_28_%E2%80%93_March_1,_2017.
  20. “2011 Super Outbreak.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 16 April 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak.
  21. “Tornado Outbreak Sequence of May 21-26, 2011.” Wikipedia.com, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 5 March 2019,
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_21%E2%80%9326,_2011.
  22. “USGS Geomagnetism Program: Definitive Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst) Data.” Sciencebase-Catalog, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey, 7 February 2019, https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b34de04e4b040769c173f56.




Back to West Coast Weather’s Blog